stone(1) (iou) and glutamine (sh)

stone(1) (iou)

stone noun, adjective, & adverb.
[Old English stan = Old Frisian, Old Saxon sten (Dutch steen), Old & mod. High German stein, Old Norse steinn, Gothic stains, from Germanic.]
A. noun. Pl. -s, (in sense 12, also) same.
A piece of rock or hard mineral substance (Other than metal) of a small or moderate size. OE.
H. D. Thoreau I..sat down on a stone at the foot of the telegraph-pole. M. E. Braddon The shallow streamlet came tumbling picturesquely over gray stones. P. Sayer I..dislodged a stone with my foot. Underneath was a toad. Proverb: A rolling stone gathers no moss.
b. A rock, a cliff, a crag; a mass of rock; rocky ground. OE-L17.
c. A meteorite, now esp. one containing a high proportion of silicates or Other non-metals. E17.
d. Grey colour; a shade of yellowish or brownish grey. M19.
A piece of rock or mineral substance (Other than metal) of a definite form and size, usually artificially shaped, and used for some special purpose, as for building, for paving, or in the form of a block, slab, or pillar set up as a memorial, a boundary-mark, etc., to convey information, or for some ceremonial purpose, as an altar, a monument, etc. OE.
coping-stone, cornerstone, foundation-stone, hoarstone, milestone, paving-stone, standing stone, staddle stone, stepping-stone, etc.
b. spec. A gravestone, a tombstone. ME.
S. Plath The old part of the graveyard.., with its worn, flat stones.
c. A stone or pebble used as a missile, being thrown with the hand or from a sling or, formerly, shot from a firearm. ME.
L. T. C. Rolt Hissing and booing accompanied by showers of stones.
d. A heavy stone thrown by an athlete, now usually replaced by an iron ball or shot. Now rare. ME.
e. A flat slab or tablet of stone for grinding something on, or for smoothing or flattening something; spec. in Printing, (a) a slab of stone used for lithography; (b) a large flat table or sheet, now usu. of metal, on which pages of type are made up. LME.
L. Heren There was no place more exciting than the stone just before edition time.
f. A shaped piece of stone for grinding or sharpening something, as a grindstone, millstone, or whetstone. L16.
g. A curling-stone. E19.
h. A round piece or counter, orig. of stone, used in various board Games, esp. the Japanese game of go. M19.
A jewel, a gem, a precious stone; spec. a diamond; Austral. & NZ (an) opal, opal-bearing material. OE.
D. H. Lawrence He sent her a little necklace of rough stones, amethyst and opal and brilliants and garnet.
a. A lump of metallic ore. Now rare or obsolete. OE.
b. A lodestone. LME-M17.
a. Medicine. A hard abnormal concretion in the body, esp. in the kidney, the urinary bladder, or the gall bladder; the material of this. Also, a condition caused by the formation of such a concretion; lithiasis. OE.
chalk-stone, gallstone, kidney-stone, etc.
E. H. Fenwick A stone impacted low down in the ureter.
b. A hard natural formation in an animal. E17.
The hard compact material of which stones and rocks consist; hard mineral substance Other than metal. ME.
D. Madden A dead knight and his lady carved in stone.
b. A particular kind of rock or hard mineral matter; spec. in Building, (a) limestone, (b) sandstone. LME.
Bath stone, ironstone, limestone, moonstone, mudstone, pipe-stone, Portland stone, pudding-stone, pumice stone, ragstone, sandstone, sarsen stone, soapstone, etc.
F. Hoyle Some stones such as Shap granite are unique to particular surface outcrops.
c. = PHILOSOPHER's stone. Now rare. LME.
a. As a type of motionlessness or fixity, or formerly of stability or constancy. Cf. ROCK noun1 2b. ME.
b. As a type of hardness or of insensibility, stupidity, cruelty, deadness, or lack of feeling. Formerly also, a silent person; a stupid person, a blockhead. ME.
Dickens The widow's lamentations..would have pierced a heart of stone.
In pl. Testicles. Now chiefly slang or dial. ME.
The stony endocarp of a drupe, enclosing the seed or kernel. Also, a hard seed or pip in any pulpy fruit, as a grape-pip. ME.
A. Mason He chewed the last olive, spat out the stone,..and sat back contentedly.
A vessel of stone or stoneware; a stone jar, basin, etc. Cf. STEAN. LME-E18.
A hailstone. LME.
A unit of weight, varying at different periods and for different Commodities, but usually equal to 14 pounds (approx. 6.35 kg) and used esp. in expressing the weight of a person or a large animal. Also occas., a piece of metal of this weight, used in weighing or as a standard. Also stone-weight. LME.
Times He has the best part of a stone in weight to lose before he reaches his fastest.
Games. A domino. M19.
Phrases: a stone's throw the distance that a stone can be thrown by the hand; a short or moderate distance. cast a stone (at), cast stones (at) make an attack (on), bring an accusation (against), make aspersions (on a person's character etc.). cast the first stone [with allus. to John 8:7] be the first to make an accusation (esp. though guilty oneself). get blood out of a stone, get blood from a stone: see BLOOD noun. kill two birds with one stone: see BIRD noun. leave no stone unturned try every available possibility. philosophers' stone: see PHILOSOPHER. rolling stone: see ROLLING adjective. throw a stone (at), throw stones (at) = cast a stone (at) above. throw the first stone = cast the first stone above. white stone: see WHITE adjective.
b. attrib. or as adjective.
Consisting of stone; made of or built of stone; of or pertaining to stone or stones. OE.
Sir W. Scott The sword..rolled on the stone floor with a heavy clash.
b. Made of stoneware; contained in stoneware bottles. OE.
E. Haywood Always keep your pickles in stone jars.
Of a male domestic animal: not castrated. Chiefly in stone-horse. M16-M19.
Of the colour of stone; grey; of a yellowish or brownish grey. M19.
Complete, utter; excellent. slang. E20.
D. A. Dye He was stuck with a stone lunatic.
= STONED 5. US slang. rare. M20.
C. adverb. With following adjective: as a stone, like a stone (with intensive force), as stone-blind, stone-cold, stone-dead, stone-deaf, stone-hard, stone-still, etc. Now also (slang) as gen. intensifier: completely, utterly, as stone crazy, stone drunk, stone motherless broke, etc. ME.
stone-broke adjective (slang) = stony-broke s.v. STONY adjective; stone-cold sober completely sober.
Comb. & special collocations: Stone Age Archaeology the prehistoric period characterized by the predominance of stone weapons and tools; stone-age adjective of, pertaining to, characteristic of, or resembling (that of) the Stone Age; fig. primitive, outmoded; stone axe (a) Hist. a two-edged axe used for cutting stone; (b) Archaeology an axe made of stone; stone-bark Botany bark consisting chiefly of hardened and thickened cells (cf. stone-cell below); stone-bass (a) a W. Indian fish of the genus Pagrus; (b) a large spiny yellow-brown serranid fish of the central Atlantic, Polyprion americanus, often found around driftwood and floating wreckage (also called wreckfish); stone-blue noun & adjective (a) noun a compound of indigo with starch or whiting, esp. for use in laundry; the blue colour of this; (b) adjective of the colour of stone-blue; stone-boat (a) (long rare) a boat for transporting stones; (b) N. Amer. a flat-bottomed sled used for transporting stones and Other heavy objects; stone-bow (a) an arch of stone (long obsolete exc. as name of a gate of the city of Lincoln); (b) (now rare) a kind of light crossbow or catapult used for shooting stones or pellets; stone-brake the parsley fern, Cryptogramma crispa; stone bramble a freq. thornless bramble of rocky woods, Rubus saxatilis, with bright red fruit; stone-brash a subsoil consisting of loose broken stone; stonebreak (now rare or obsolete) = SAXIFRAGE 1; stonebuck = STEINBOCK 1; stone canal Zoology in echinoderms, a canal, usually having calcareous walls, leading from the madreporite to the main vessel of the water-vascular system; stone-cast (now rare) = a stone's throw above; stonecat a N. American freshwater catfish, Noturus flavus; stone-cell Botany a short, much-pitted, strongly lignified type of sclereid, occurring esp. in seed-coats and in the flesh of the pear; stone-china a kind of white stoneware resembling porcelain; stone circle Archaeology = CIRCLE noun 8; stone-coal (a) mineral coal as distinguished from charcoal; (b) a hard variety of coal, esp. anthracite; stone-colour = sense A.1d above; stone-coloured adjective = sense B.3 above; stone-coral = stony coral s.v. STONY adjective; stone-crab (a) any of various crabs, esp. the edible Menippe mercenaria of Caribbean and adjoining coasts; (b) US local = HELLGRAMMITE; stone-craft the Art or skill of working in stone; sculpture; stone cream a traditional sweet resembling blancmange made with arrowroot and served cold on a layer of jam; stone-crusher a machine for crushing or grinding stone; stone curlew any bird of the family Burhinidae of mottled brown and grey waders, esp. Burhinus oedicnemus, which inhabits esp. stony open country and has a cry similar to the curlew's; also called thick-knee; stonecutter a person who or machine which cuts, shapes, or carves stone for building or for ornamental or Other purposes; stonecutter's disease, lung disease caused by inhaling fine stone-dust; stone-delf (now dial.) a stone-quarry; stone-dresser a person who or machine which dresses or shapes stone for building; stone-dust noun & verb (a) noun dust or powder made of particles of broken stone; (b) verb trans. subject to stone-dusting; stone-dusting the introduction of stone-dust to the air in a mine to make the coal-dust less combustible; stone-dyke a dyke of stone, a stone fence or embankment; stone face colloq. (a person having) a face which reveals no emotions; a Poker-faced person; stone-fall a fall of meteorites, or of loose stones on a mountain slope; stone-field an expanse of ground covered with large stones; spec. = FELSENMEER; stonefish any of various fishes typically found under stones; esp. the highly venomous scorpaenid Synanceia verrucosa, a bottom-dwelling fish of tropical seas, resembling a small rock and bearing poison glands at the base of the erect dorsal spines; stone frigate Naval slang a naval shore establishment or barracks; formerly spec. a naval prison; stone-fruit a fruit having the seed or kernel surrounded by a stone within the pulp; a drupe; stone garland Physical Geography a low bank or terrace of large stones occurring on a steep slope and curved downwards so as to resemble a garland or necklace; stone-getter a workman who gets stone from a quarry, a quarryman; stone-ginger noun & adjective (slang) (a) noun a certainty, a sure thing; (b) adjective certain; stoneground adjective (esp. of flour) ground by means of millstones (rather than metal rollers); stone guard an attachment serving to prevent stones entering the air-intake system of an engine; a similar device protecting any part of a vehicle, esp. the windscreen; stone-heading Mining a heading driven through stone or rock; Stone Indian = ASSINIBOINE noun 1, 2 (cf. STONEY noun2); stone-jug (a) a jug made of stoneware; (b) see JUG noun2 3; stone-lily a fossil crinoid; stone line Geology a layer of isolated stones between subsoil and underlying rock; the line of stones as this which appears in a section through the soil; stone loach a loach, Noemacheilus barbatulus, of clear rivers and lakes; stoneman a man who works in or with stone; Printing a compositor; stone marten (the fur of) a S. Eurasian marten, Martes foina, which is brown with a white throat; also called beech marten; stone-mint the American dittany, Cunila origanoides; stone net Physical Geography a network of stone rings or polygons; stone parsley a pinnate-leaved umbelliferous hedge plant, Sison amomum; stone pavement Physical Geography an area of ground covered with large flattish stones; stone pine (a) a Mediterranean pine tree, Pinus pinea, with edible seeds (also called parasol pine, umbrella pine); (b) (with specifying word) any of several related pines; Swiss stone pine, a pine of central European mountains, Pinus cembra, sometimes grown for timber or turpentine (also called arolla); stone-pit a pit from which stones are dug, a quarry; stone-plover any of various plovers and Other small game-birds esp. of stony shores; stone polygon Physical Geography a naturally occurring arrangement of stones in the rough shape of an open polygon; stone ring (a) Physical Geography a natural circle of stones on the ground, similar to a stone polygon; (b) Archaeology a stone circle; stone river a dense linear accumulation of rocks and large stones occurring along a valley bottom or down a slope; esp. any of several such in the Falkland Islands; stoneroller any of several N. American minnows of the genus Campostoma, found in clear brooks and streams; stone-root the horse-balm, Collinsonia canadensis; stone run = stone river above; stone-saw a saw, usually without teeth, for cutting stone for building etc.; stone-shot a stone or stones used as missiles, esp. as shot for cannon; stone stripe Physical Geography any of several evenly spaced bands of coarse rock debris separated by finer material occurring on slopes in cold environments; stonewash, stonewashed adjectives (of a garment or fabric, esp. denim) washed with abrasives to produce a worn or faded appearance; stone-weight: see sense A.12 above; stonewort a charophyte (orig., one of the genus Chara, from the calcareous deposits on the stem); stone-yard a yard in which stone-breaking or stone-cutting is done.
stoneless adjective having or containing no stone LME.
stonelike adjective resembling (that of) stone or a stone. E17.

glutamine (sh)

One of the nonessential amino acids, closely related to glutamic acid.

It is especially important in the cellular metabolism of animals as the only amino acid capable of readily crossing the blood-brain barrier. It is used in medicine and biochemical research and as a feed additive.

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